Williams college bolin dissertation fellowship

Most functions are found in similar places in both programs, but a few are slightly different, and bolin dissertation the degree of control varies. On Queen? This table summarizes where to williams college bolin find the setup choices. Turn off Office Assistant (Help Agent) Help > Microsoft Word Help > Options. Tools > Options > OpenOffice.org > General. Turn off autocompletion. Tools > AutoCorrect/AutoFormat > Word Completion tab, deselect Enable Word Completion. Set up document window (rulers, status bar, default toolbars, etc) View > select required items. View > select required items. Change measurement system. Tools > Options. Ib Extended? > General. Tools > Options. Dissertation Fellowship? > Text Document > General. View > Toolbars > Customize (or) Tools > Configure (or) Right-click on toolbar > Customize or Configure. Display font names in their font (in toolbar drop-down font list) Tools > Customize > Options. Tools > Options > OpenOffice.org > View, select Preview in fonts lists. Always show full menus (include unavailable and little-used items) Tools > Customize > Options. Tools > Options > OpenOffice.org > View, select Inactive menu items. Show/hide ScreenTips ( ToolTips ) on toolbars. Tools > Customize > Options. Help > Tips, uncheck. Always create backup copy. Tools > Options > Save. Tools > Options > Load/Save > General. Autosave every x minutes. Tools > Options > Save. Tools > Options > Load/Save > General. Show paragraph marks, tabs, etc. Tools > Options > View. Tools > Options > Text Document > Formatting Aids. Change file locations. Tools > Options > File Locations. Tools > Options > OpenOffice.org > Paths. Change user information. Tools > Options > User Information. Tools > Options > OpenOffice.org > User Data. Set up AutoCorrect and AutoFormat options. Tools > AutoCorrect Options. Tools > AutoCorrect/AutoFormat > Options tab. Most writing, editing, and reviewing techniques in OOoWriter are similar to those in Microsoft Word, but the details often vary. Jump quickly to thesis victoria other parts of a document. Edit > Navigator (or F11), double-click on required heading, figure, table, etc. Choose language for spelling checker. Tools > Language > Set Language. Tools > Options > Language Settings > Language. (Note: OpenOffice.org has no grammar checker.) Ignore some text when checking spelling. Select text; Tools > Language > Set Language > Do not check. (or) Format > Style > Modify> Format > Language. Select text; right-click > Character > Font > Language = [None] or the real language of the selected text, if that is williams college, foreign. Tools > Spelling & Grammar > Recheck Document. Find and replace text, formatting, and essay collections styles. Edit > Replace > More; choices as needed. Edit > Find&Replace; details are a bit different. Use wildcards (regular expressions) in find and replace. Edit > Replace > More > select Use Wildcards checkbox. Edit > Find&Replace; select Regular Expressions checkbox. College Dissertation Fellowship? Wildcards differ from those in thesis, MSWord. Choose, create, or edit a custom dictionary. Tools > Options > Spelling & Grammar > Custom Dictionaries. Tools > Options > Language Settings > Writing Aids. Create exception (exclude) dictionary. File > New, type words, Save As > text only, file extension .EXC. As for williams bolin dissertation fellowship custom dictionary, but select Exception [-] checkbox. Track changes (choose options) Tools > Options > Track Changes. Tools > Options > Text Document > Changes. Protect document for editing. Tools > Protect Document. Edit > Changes > Protect Records. Mark and spoonerism track changes. (Word 2000) Tools > Track Changes > Highlight Changes. Edit > Changes > Record. Insert comments associated with a change. Highlight text; Insert > Comment. Edit > Changes > Comment. Insert notes (comments not associated with a change) Highlight text; Insert > Comment. Show changes as pop-up text. Options > View > Screentips. Help > Tips (and) Help > Extended Tips. Tools > Merge Documents. Edit > Changes > Merge Document. Accept or reject changes. View > Toolbars > Reviewing. Edit > Changes > Accept or Reject. Change document properties. Get a word count. Tools > Word Count (can get word count for williams college dissertation fellowship selection) File > Properties > Statistics tab. (Cannot get word count for for call centre customer service selection without using add-in macro.) Create AutoText entry. Select text; Insert > AutoText > New. Select text; Edit > AutoText (or) CTRL+F3. Type shortcut and press F3. Type shortcut and dissertation fellowship press F3 (or) type Name of AutoText entry and victoria press Enter. OOo distinguishes between the “name” and the “shortcut” of an williams bolin dissertation fellowship AutoTextentry; Word does not. This section covers such things as margins, headers and footers, columns, and frames. OOoWriter controls basic page setup somewhat differently than Word does. Page setup (paper size, orientation, margins, and so on) is paper, a property of the document as a whole. To change the college, setup for metathesis a page, you need to define a separate section with the williams fellowship, changed setup. For example, if you specify headers and footers, they apply to the entire document, unless you change them in specific sections. Page setup is a property of the metathesis, page style. You can define many page styles—for example, First Page, Left Page, Index Page, and Default. Bolin? If you change the essay collections, page layout for one page style, only that style will be affected. When you set up a page style, you can specify which page style applies to bolin the next page, so when text flows from one page to the next, the correct page style will automatically apply to the following pages. For example, you could specify a First Page style to thesis victoria be followed by college, a Left Page style, to be followed by a Right Page style, to illiad and troy be followed by college bolin, a Left Page style—a common setup in essay, books. File > Page Setup > Margins. Format > Page >Page. Specify different headers and footers on first, odd, and even pages. File > Page Setup > Layout > Headers and Footers section. Define different page styles for First, Left (even), and williams college dissertation Right (odd) pages, using Header and Footer tabs. Edit headers and footers. View > Headers and essay collections Footers, then type or insert fields; can also double-click in existing header or footer regions. After you have specified Header and Footer areas for williams college bolin dissertation fellowship a page, they are always active. Single-click to type or insert fields. Change from metathesis spoonerism roman to arabic page numbers in the footer of williams college bolin dissertation, a page. Insert a section break, deselect “Same as Previous” in r&b research, the second section, define a new footer with page numbers restarting at 1 in arabic numerals. Insert a manual page break and apply a different page style. Use paragraph styles for page layout. Can define paragraph styles with offset from williams dissertation fellowship left margin, with heading styles aligned left or right. Can define paragraph styles with offset from ib extended left margin, with heading styles aligned left or right. Use columns for bolin page layout. Insert continuous sections to switch from thesis victoria single to multiple columns on williams college fellowship one page. Format > Page > Columns (or) Insert/Format > Section > Columns (or) other methods. Use frames or text boxes for thesis on queen victoria page layout. Frames are used in Word 97 but mostly replaced by text boxes in Word2000 and bolin dissertation fellowship 2002; can be linked to psychology ib extended essay flow text from one to next, as in williams bolin fellowship, a newsletter. Insert > Frame (can link frames to cover letter centre customer flow text from one to next, as in a newsletter); “text boxes” are fields, not positioning devices. Use tables for page layout. Table > Insert > Table (use dialog to format) Insert > Table (use dialog to bolin fellowship format) Put portrait headers on landscape pages. Use rotated text box linked to spoonerism header. Use rotated text in a frame. Set first page number to greater than 1. Insert > Page Numbers > Format. In first paragraph on first page, Format > Paragraph > Text Flow > Breaks, select Enable and With Page Style, choose the page style, specify the page number. View and college dissertation fellowship edit facing pages. File > Print Preview; click Zoom button to thesis enable editing. File > Page Preview shows pages on williams bolin dissertation wrong sides of screen, so you may want to insert a blank page before the psychology essay, first page while writing a draft. Williams Fellowship? You cannot edit in spoonerism, page preview mode. A full discussion of the college fellowship, similarities and victoria differences in williams dissertation, the use of templates and illiad and troy styles would take too long for college fellowship this summary document, but the following table should get you started. Find which template is psychology ib extended, associated with a document. Tools > Templates and Add-ins. File > Document Properties > General tab. Specify default template. "Normal" template is default. File > Templates > Organize, choose any template to bolin dissertation fellowship be the default. Create a new template. File > Save As, set type to essay Document Template (.DOT) File > Templates > Save. Edit a template. File > Open, choose template. File > Templates > Edit. Copy styles between templates. Tools > Templates and Add-ins > Organizer. File > Templates > Organize. Williams Bolin Fellowship? Copy styles with Ctrl + drag and drop between templates and illiad and troy documents. Create a new document from a template. File > New (opens a list of templates) File > New > Templates and bolin dissertation Documents. Apply a different template to a document. Tools > Templates and Add-ins > Attach, select template, Open. Start a new document based on the different template; copy contents of metathesis, old document into college dissertation fellowship new document. Apply a style to psychology ib extended essay text. (Word 2000) Select from Style List or Style dialog. (XP) Can also use task pane. Format > Styles (or press F11), double-click style in list; after one use, paragraph styles appear in Apply Style list on Formatting object bar. Change a style definition. (Word 2000) Format > Style > Modify; (XP) can also select in task pane and williams dissertation click Modify. Select style in ib extended, Stylist, right-click, choose Modify; or Format > Styles > Catalog, select style, click Modify. Create a new style. Format > Style > New. Format > Styles > Catalog, click New. Use outline numbering. Format > Style, select style > Format > Numbering. Tools > Outline Numbering. A full discussion of the similarities and differences in the use of college fellowship, fields would take too long for this summary document, but the illiad and troy, following table should get your started. Major differences exist in the use of cross-references. (or) CTRL+F9 for blank field. Define a number range field. Insert > Field, use SEQ (sequence) Insert > Fields > Other > Variables > Number range. Insert a bookmark. Select text; Insert > Bookmark. Select text; Insert > Bookmark. Insert a cross-reference to a bookmark. Insert > Cross Reference, choose Bookmark as type. Insert > Cross Reference > Bookmark. Insert a cross-reference to williams dissertation fellowship a heading. Insert > Cross Reference, choose Heading as type. Either bookmark the heading or use Insert > Cross Reference > Set Reference to illiad and troy mark the heading, then Insert > Cross Reference > Insert Reference. Insert a cross-reference to college bolin dissertation a figure or table. Insert > Cross Reference, choose type. Insert > Cross Reference > Insert Reference > Figure (or Table) Insert a cross-reference from document A to an item in document B. Use Includetext fields. Keep a manual list of cross-reference names (case sensitive) when you set them in document B. When you insert the cross-reference in document A, you must type the essay, name of the item (in document B) in college bolin, the Name box on spoonerism the Fields dialog instead of selecting the name from the Selection list. Use conditional content. Use IF or other fields, or styles (all workarounds) Insert > Fields > Other > Variables (among other ways) Work with large or complex documents. A full discussion of the similarities and williams dissertation fellowship differences in working with large or complex documents would take too long for this summary document, but the following table should get your started. Major differences exist in the use of master documents. The table does not attempt to psychology essay summarize all these differences. Other how-to documents are being written to williams bolin describe the use of master documents in detail. Create a table of research, contents, list of figures, or an alphabetic index. Insert > Index and Tables. Insert > Indexes and Tables > Indexes and Tables. Insert index entries. Insert > Indexes and Tables > Entry (or) click Insert Index Marker icon. Create a bibliographic database. Use database, e.g. College Dissertation Fellowship? Microsoft Access. Tools > Bibliography Database. Insert bibliographic references into on queen text. Link to field in database. Insert > Indexes and college bolin fellowship Tables > Bibliographic Entry. Insert footnotes and endnotes. Insert > Footnote (or) click Insert Footnote Directly icon. Insert other files. Insert > File, choose Insert or As Link. Cross-reference between documents. Use Includetext fields. Keep a manual list of cross-reference names (case sensitive) when you set them in document A. R&b Paper? To insert a cross-reference from document A to an item in document B, you must type the college dissertation fellowship, name of the metathesis, item in williams, the Name box instead of research paper, selecting it from the college bolin dissertation, Selection list. Use master documents. File > Send > Create Master Document; use Navigator to essay insert subdocuments. Most graphics work should be done outside Word or Writer, with the graphic files embedded or linked to williams the Word or Writer file. However, you can do some simple graphics using the drawing tools in Word or Writer. R&b Paper? This table covers the basics. Create Drawing objects. (Word 2000) View > Toolbars > Drawing; (XP) Insert > Picture > New Drawing. Click Show Draw Functions icon. Combine graphics objects and drawing objects. (Word 2000) Edit > Picture > Reset Picture Boundary; (XP) Use drawing canvas. Place all objects in a frame. Insert graphics files into a text document (embed or link) Insert > Picture > From File, choose Insert or As Link. Insert > Graphics > From File. Format > Picture > Layout > Advanced > Picture Position. Use icons on bolin dissertation Graphics object bar, or right-click and choose from pop-up menu, or click Format > Graphics. Wrap text around graphics. Format > Picture (or Object) > Layout. Use icons on Graphics object bar, or right-click and choose from pop-up menu, or click Format > Graphics > Wrap. Format > Picture > Cop, (or) click Crop tool on Picture toolbar. Format > Graphics > Crop. Create captions for graphics. Select graphic; Insert > Reference > Caption. Select graphic; Insert > Caption. Use drawing objects; group, or place in frame or on r&b drawing canvas (XP) Place all objects in a frame. Format > Background > Printed Watermark > Picture (or Text) Watermark. Format > Page Style > Background. (or) create drawing object, Arrange > To Background, Anchor > To Page.

How to Write Your MFA Thesis in Fine Art (And Beyond) I enjoy writing, and I find the bolin dissertation process to be fun. Psychology? Do you? I know that writing takes regular practice and it’s an williams bolin dissertation fellowship, essential part of my learning process. Psychology Essay? Writing helps me see and organize my thoughts. Williams Bolin? This allows me to edit and become clear about metathesis what it is I am expressing. Dissertation Fellowship? Practicing writing helps me identify mistakes as well as further emphasize what I really want to illiad and troy, explore and write about. When a topic of interest strikes me the williams college bolin dissertation fellowship process is for call customer, effortless. I notice how I feel about the topic and this is a key factor as to williams dissertation, how quickly I will get working on as essay, blog post or tutorial. Spoonerism? This is something I have identified in myself over time and through repetition, how about you? Writing induces and activates new awareness. In my experiences as a college art professor, I have taken notice of williams college, a few consistent patterns when it comes to more formal writing. Especially a final thesis deadline. For some, the thought of generating a final graduate thesis can be a daunting thought in and of itself. Associated with that thought may be an outdated feeling that your body still remembers. This outdated association can be especially frustrating to the point of extreme procrastination. If you are unaware that you are the cause of this feeling then you will continue to perpetuate it. Sound familiar? If you choose to enroll into illiad and troy, an MFA program you will be required to williams college, write a final thesis. This will be an in-depth description of your concepts, process, references, discoveries, reflections and psychology ib extended essay final analysis. The best part of writing a final thesis is that the writer gets to create, format, define and structure the entirety of williams bolin dissertation, it. Illiad And Troy? Throw away any pre-conceived and or outdated perceptions of what you think you should do. You must take responsibility for williams your writing the same way that you discipline yourself in the creation and production of your art work. Your final thesis is an official archival record of what you have completed, explored and accomplished during the duration of your MFA program. Not only essay collections will your thesis be written for yourself, but also it will prove and back up your convictions, theories, assessments and statements for other people. College Bolin Dissertation Fellowship? It should be known that the content in this tutorial could also be applied to other writing needs that may be similar to the MFA thesis structure. An MA thesis or undergraduate BFA thesis can also easily follow this format. By all means, you can share it and remix it. A regular writing practice must be established. This means, you will need to create a plan for how and when practice will take place. The calendar on your mobile device or the computer that you use will work just fine to remind you of these dates and times. Thirty minutes of practice twice a week can work wonders in essay the installation of a new habit. Are you up for that? Perhaps there is a way to make this decision seem effortless, keep reading. You can get started right away. Technology in this area is very accessible and williams college bolin dissertation fellowship helpful. With use of a blogging platform such as word press one can privately or publicly begin their writing practice and metathesis archiving process. Even setting up a basic default blog will do just fine. Williams College Bolin? You can always customize and illiad and troy personalize it later. Williams College Bolin Dissertation? If a blog does not interest you (but I do hope it does) a word processing document will do just fine. Either way, choosing to wait until your final semester to collections, get started is a really bad idea and poor planning. Are there exceptions to this statement? Of course, and bolin dissertation perhaps you will redefine my outlook, and prove me wrong, but until I experience this from someone, let’s make some longer-term plans. I teach an MFA and MA course at illiad and troy LIU Post in NY that puts an emphasis on content and exposure to help students generate their final thesis. College Dissertation Fellowship? The course revolves around several exercises that contribute to the process as a whole broken down into individual isolated parts. Much like your thesis itself, this process is modular, meaning many parts will come and work together to research paper, make up the whole. One of the fellowship first exercises that I do with this class is illiad and troy, identify a thesis template format. This is the basic structure that I have students brainstorm via a series of questions that I ask them. Keep in mind; you most likely already have a default version of williams college bolin dissertation, this template. Cover Letter No Experience? This could be the writing format that you learned in high school and had redefined by a professor in college. You may have been forced to use it or suffer the consequences of a poor grade solely on that formatting restriction. This feeling and program may still be running inside of you. So how do we deal with this? Together as a class we discuss and record the answers directly onto a chalkboard (a dry erase board or word document will also do just fine) I ask one of the students to college dissertation, act as the metathesis scribe to record the list manually while notes are individually taken also. College Bolin? I later put the information into a re-capped blog post on our class blog. Are you surprised that I use a blog for my class? The format for an MFA thesis in Fine Art (applied arts & digital) will in almost all cases coincide with a final thesis exhibition of completed works. This formats fits accordingly with the thesis exhibition in mind. This is a criteria break down of the metathesis structure of the williams bolin dissertation fellowship paper. It is illiad and troy, a simplified guide. Add or remove what you may for your personal needs. Description/Abstract: Introduction. A detailed description of the concept and body of work that you will be discussing. Be clear and objective, you need not tell your whole life story here. Fragments of bolin, your current artist statement may fit in nicely. Process, Materials and Methods: Here you will discuss the descriptions of your working processes, techniques learned and applied, and the materials used to generate the art that you create. Why have you selected these specific materials and techniques to communicate your ideas? How do these choices effect how the viewer will receive your work? Have you personalized a technique in r&b research paper a new way? How so? Were their limitations and new discoveries? Resources and williams dissertation fellowship References: Historical and cultural referencing, artists, art movements, databases, and collections any other form of related influence. How has your research influenced your work, ideas, and decision-making process? What contrasts and contradictions have you discovered about your work and ideas? How has regular research and exposure during your program inspired you? Have you made direct and specific connections to an art movement or a series of artists? Explain your discoveries and how you came to williams college fellowship, those conclusions. Exhibition Simulation: You will be mounting a final thesis exhibition of your work. How will you be mounting your exhibition? Why have you selected this particular composition? How did the illiad and troy space itself dictate your choices for installation? How will your installation effect or alter the physical space itself? Will you generate a floor plan sketch to accompany the proposed composition? If so, please explain, if not, also explain why? What kind of help will you need to realize the installation? What materials will you be using to install? Do you have special requirements for ladders, technologies and additional help? Explain in detail. Reflection: What have you learned over the course of your graduate program? How has the program influenced your work and how you communicate as an artist? What were your greatest successes? What areas do you need to work on? What skills will you apply directly into your continued professional practice? Do you plan to teach after you graduate? If so, what philosophies and theories will you apply into your teaching practice? Where do you see your self professionally as an artist in 3-5 years? Individual Exercises to Practice- The following exercises below were created to help practice and expand thinking about the williams college thesis format criteria above. On Queen Victoria? It is my intention to college bolin dissertation, help my students actively contribute to their thesis over the course of the semester. The exercises can be personalized and expanded upon for your individual needs. I feel that weekly exercises performed with a class or one on one with a partner will work well. The weekly meetings in person are effective. Illiad And Troy? Why? Having a classroom or person-to-person(s) platform for discussion allows for the energy of the body to expose itself. Williams College Dissertation Fellowship? You (and most likely your audience) will take notice as to how you feel when you are discussing the ideas, feelings and psychology ib extended essay concepts that you have written. Are you upbeat and positively charged? Or are you just “matter of fact” and lifeless in your verbal assertions? Writing and speaking should be engaging. College Bolin? Especially if it is about your work! The goal is to letter for call centre no experience, entice your reader and audience to feel your convictions and transcend those feelings directly. Awareness of this is college dissertation fellowship, huge. It will help you make not only edits in your writing but also make changes in your speaking and research paper how you feel about what you have written. The Artist Interview – Reach out to a classmate or an artist that you admire. This could also be a professor, faculty member, or fellow classmate. It should be one that you feel also admires or has interest in your work if possible. Make appointments to visit each other in their studios or where ever you are creating current work. This can even be done via video chat on Skype, a Google hang out or face-time if an in williams bolin dissertation fellowship person visits cannot be made. In advance prepare for each other a series of 15-20 questions that you would like to thesis victoria, ask each other. Questions can be about the artist’s concepts, materials, process, resources and college dissertation fellowship references about their works. Questions may be about how they choose to show or sell their work. Cover Letter For Call Centre Service? Personal questions about the artist’s outlook on life, business, and wellbeing may come to mind and may also be considered. Record and exchange each other’s responses in a written format. You will make a copy for williams college bolin dissertation yourself to retain. Re-read and study your responses to the questions that the artist asked you. This will be helpful for you to read your spoken words coming from metathesis spoonerism, another format of communication. Williams Bolin Fellowship? Do you find that speak the same way that you write? Where do these words fit into the thesis criteria format above? The Artist Statement & Manifesto – Of course this will change and evolve over time but it is a necessary document that you will update each year as you evolve and grow. In one single page generate your artist statement or manifesto. Who are you? What is your work about? What are you communicating with your current work, projects and why? Who is your audience? How is your work affecting your audience, community and ib extended culture? Manifestos are usually published and placed into the public so that its creator can live up to its statements. Are you living up to yours? Keeping this public is a good reminder to walk your talk. Where do these words fit into the thesis criteria format above? Reactive Writing – Create a regular online space, document or journal to generate a chronological folio of reactive writing. College Dissertation Fellowship? Visit museums, galleries, lectures and screenings regularly. If you live outside of a city this may require a bit of research, but if you are in NYC this is metathesis, all too easy. Bolin? Bring a sketchbook and metathesis spoonerism take notes! For each experience share your impressions, thoughts, feelings and reactions. Describe what you witness. Be objective down to the smallest details that have stayed with you. Reflect and find similarities and contrasts to what you are working on. Use this exercise as a free writing opportunity. Write without editing or without any formatting restrains, just express yourself in college bolin the immediacy that you feel about your experiences. Psychology Ib Extended? At the end of college bolin, each month (or designate a class for this aspect of the exercise) sit down and re-read your passages. Select the reaction(s) that you resonate with the metathesis spoonerism most. Edit and williams bolin dissertation fellowship format this selection into illiad and troy, a more formal essay paying proper attention to a formatting style, grammar, punctuation and spelling. Where do these words fit into the thesis criteria format above? Tutorials & How To Guides – Writing tutorials and how-to guides are great ways to practice getting really clear about what you are doing. It helps you cultivate your vocabulary and describe the actions that you are performing with specific detail. It puts you in a position to list your steps, process, materials, and references and explain what the contributing contextual aspects are. Try this with a specific project or with the art that you are currently creating. Are you painter? Explain how you create a painting from start to finish. This includes the very first spark that inspires the idea for the painting, as well as how it will be installed, packaged, transported and exhibited. Details matter. Williams College Bolin Fellowship? Are you sculptor working in woodcarving? Explain the process from start to finish. Ask a fellow artist if you can sit in on his or her process and record what you experience. This is a really fantastic and fun exercise. Customer Service? It also contributes greatly to creating lesson plans for williams bolin dissertation fellowship teaching. (I’m actually obsessed with this exercise a little bit.) Where do these words fit into the thesis criteria format above? Reviews & Critiques – Much like the reactive writing exercise above, generating reviews and critiques will foster great ways to find insight into your own work. With regular practice you will find common threads of thought and r&b research paper subject matter. You will discover similar referencing and contrasts. This can easily be done in two ways. Williams College Bolin Fellowship? You can visit specific museums, galleries, lectures and screenings to write about that excites you. This already puts a positive charge on the act of writing itself. I also suggest that you contrast this with subject matter and on queen victoria content that also does not agree with you. College? We want to be able to fully express what we do not like as well. Cover Centre No Experience? Understanding why helps us become clear in our choices. College Fellowship? Understanding this helps strengthen our position on metathesis spoonerism what we do want to write about and what we want our audience to understand. College Bolin Dissertation Fellowship? It allows us to explore dichotomies. Essay? The second way to further exercises in williams college dissertation fellowship writing reviews and critiques is to speak about them. Speaking about illiad and troy art in person is bolin dissertation fellowship, a great way to further the clarification of you writing. Where do these words fit into the thesis criteria format above? The spoken word versus the act of writing? I have come across many students and colleagues who find that they write much differently than they speak. I feel that writing needs to cover for call centre customer service no experience, have a consistent flow and bolin fellowship feel fluid to keep its reader engaged. Speaking well and articulating oneself clearly is also something that takes practice. I have found that sometimes recording my words and thoughts via a voice transcribing application is helpful to get ideas out illiad and troy and into a more accessible form. Williams College? A lot of transcribing software is free for most mobile devices. Much like voice recording the powerful enhancement is to illiad and troy, see your words take form after you have said them. You can simply copy and paste the williams bolin text and edit what is valuable. This essay is also a work in progress. It’s an ongoing draft in a published format that I will continue updating with new content and fresh ways to simplify the exercises. I appreciate your feedback! Thanks for sharing this. I have 3 semesters to go and psychology ib extended was already beginning to panic over college bolin dissertation the idea of writing a thesis this will help me to begin to organize my thoughts. I have promised myself I wouldn’t procrastinate. Sounds good Chris Ann! I will see you in the ART550 course this coming fall! I will definitely make use of your template when trying to organize my thesis draft that I will be sending you this weekend! Thanks again for posting this and for making is metathesis, straight forward and simple by narrowing it down to the most important stuff. College Dissertation? I think what at metathesis least I suffer from most is that I find it hard to break apart the paper and instead I see it as a big scary one, which doesn’t exactly make it easier to college bolin dissertation fellowship, write. So, thanks! 😀 Thanks Sofie! Glad to help! Thank you for psychology ib extended making this public! I enjoy writing, but “written thesis” is college bolin fellowship, so daunting, especially without any sort of thesis victoria, guidelines. I feel empowered. Thanks so much Elyse! Thank you so much for this! I’m only entering my second year as a BFA student and thought that I should start practicing when it comes to college bolin, writing a thesis. I stumbled upon your article and I find that your guidelines and illiad and troy exercises helpful. Greetings from Malaysia. 🙂 Thanks so much Jessieca! Good Luck, keep me posted if I can help further. I am in my final semester of williams college bolin, a low residency MFA program. It is a brand new MFA and r&b research we had lots of growing pains. Williams Dissertation? While I have been “journalling” all along, we did not get any guidelines for our thesis until a few weeks ago. The panic is illiad and troy, real. Your article is williams college bolin dissertation, very helpful. Thanks so much Anita. Im glad you have found this essay as I wrote it to offer help, and for call customer service create dialog here! The beauty of writing the bolin dissertation MFA thesis is the freedom one gets to really dig into their 2-3 year specified process and format the structure itself. This structure can be transparent and also retained. I believe that many programs follow a similar format as they encourage their students to research paper, cultivate self-motivation and also the bolin dissertation inventiveness one needs to essay, stand out in contrast to the other 25,000 plus people who complete MFA degrees each year. This is my opinion, but how uninteresting would it be for everyone to college bolin dissertation fellowship, follow the exact same format? What would be learned that way? Perhaps we all need to re-write our thesis every few years to measure our growth as we expand and evolve. 🙂 Thank you so much for this. I’m only in centre customer my second semester of the MFA program. College Bolin Dissertation Fellowship? However, they’ve been urging us to start early. They haven’t given us any tools for actually HOW to do this besides the technical format. I find this article to be super helpful. Do you have any tips for how to victoria, incorporate the writing into a blog? It would be an interesting way to williams bolin, document my growth over cover letter centre customer service no experience the next two years. Thanks so much LaKaye! Indeed, this seems to be a common concern as programs tend to give a vague or limited “technical abstract” of what they may want but don’t seem to clearly offer techniques and exercises to help achieve this. Perhaps this is intentional, and or a metaphor for students to take action. Im sure your professors would help you if you were to approached them specifically with this in mind. Bolin Dissertation? You could be the one who helps generate a template (like this one above) for other incoming students. Let me know if I can help you and your classmates do this? The idea is to get the student pro-active, and to take inspired responsibility for creating and crafting the spoonerism final thesis in their personal style. One thing is for sure, waiting for your final semester to dissertation fellowship, get started would be a terrible idea. I highly suggest starting a blog to use as a means of practice, exercise, assessment, promotion, discussion and archiving! My friends at reclaim hosting ( reclaimhosting.com ) have a great rate for students to register a unique domain name and psychology ib extended essay host their websites for less than $35.00 for the year. This is an incredible rate! Setting up a self hosted wordpress blog is a powerful tool. (I can share a video tutorial with you on how to do this as well) Blogging is a great way to get into bolin dissertation, the practice of consistent, free and expressive writing. Think of yourself as a digital storyteller sharing a narrative about your process, what excites you, what inspires you, and what kind of critical thinking needs to be applied. The how’s and why’s of our experiences are where we dig into the core of understanding our intentions and what we are communicating in our work. Perhaps, making your MFA thesis an actual blog is an asset because it shares your transparency in the process and essay helps others see your example. I intended for this tutorial do that 🙂 I’m loving the idea of williams college bolin fellowship, keeping record on my blog! Thank you for your very kind and thoughtful reply. Ib Extended? I plan to share this information with my classmates. My Pleasure! Thanks so much for williams bolin fellowship reaching out and sharing! While reading your words I kept answering “yes” to your questions. Yes the thought of writing a thesis is cover letter centre customer, daunting and yes I have been procrastinating because of it. After reading the post in its entirety I feel relieved. I also feel empowered and ready to tackle this. Thank you, Ryan! Excellent, Meghan! Lets do it! Thanks so much Meghan. For many years I was greatly affected by bad past writing assignments and experiences that stayed with me. Especially the ones where bad grades were given. It wasn’t for the lack of grammar or punctuation but the lack of interest in writing about college bolin topics that were not interesting. Discovering and creating a technique for oneself is a big part of what has helped me. There is an abundance of contrast out there. Example after example of what to do, and also not to do. Ultimately one must create what works for them, and in the process be able to explain the story that led up to the changes that were made. Ib Extended? Im not saying this template will work for everyone, it wont, but I do hope it will be a supporting contrast for those seeking to improve their writing skills. Step by williams fellowship, step, with practice. This outline doesn’t take the for call no experience edge off for me. While the guidelines to creating a body of literary documentation are quite helpful, this also creates more anxiety as my mind spins in conflict. I understand the reason for documenting a body of artistic work. Bolin Fellowship? It makes sense to journal in some way as to make new discoveries and r&b paper reflect on choices, purpose, and motivation. What I am troubled by is the structure of the paper itself and the expectation of the reader. For me, it is not about the williams fellowship audience primarily. I hope to illiad and troy, convey my intention through art and words if only to understand myself and track growth. A critique on what I write about williams fellowship and in a format that is not natural rather imposed, triggers feelings of unease. For Call Customer No Experience? I myself do not wish to college bolin, become a corrosion of conformity. So well said! And the growth will be so very present! The beauty of this kind of paper is the writer’s journey to create the structure in the process and make the needed revisions over time. My template is the one that I created to help myself while in my own process, and letter for call centre customer no experience I hope it also helps anyone else who may resonate with it. I would never suggest that anyone follow one specific template. We must discover and feel it out. Williams? I love the idea of making connections to things via our feelings. We will talk about this in class much more too. The first time I wrote a thesis it took me about a year to understand how I thought about metathesis my work. College Bolin Dissertation? I then discovered when the thesis paper was completed and turned in, time would pass, and spoonerism it would no longer represent the work I was doing. Williams Dissertation? Change and growth found me in such a graceful way. The paper was a tool and learning metric of cover letter for call centre customer no experience, growth. It taught me that I would grow, and I would be able to college bolin, watch that growth. I also taught me that re-inventing ourselves can be done through creating exercises and challenges set up for ourselves. And, if we help others in the process we all learn so much more about ourselves and each other. 먼저 감사의 뜻을 보내고 싶습니다.저에게 큰 용기와 힘을 주셔서 온 마음과 정신을 다하여 최선의 노력을 할 각오를 주셨습니다.저에게는 예술의 학문을 전진해 나가는 것이 저의 절실한 희망이며 최대의 성취고 사회를 돕는 사람이 되려고 교수님게 저의 소망의 의지를 보냅니다. Chie 대단히 감사합니다. Paper? 최대한 많이 도와 드리겠습니다. 당신은 훌륭한 일을하고 있습니다! 웹 사이트 번역 기능이 잘 작동합니다. 곧 뵙죠. Because English is the second language of many international students, learning to write properly for me is terribly difficult. Im very grateful to you Ryan, your article gave me many hints to writing paper. It lets me know where to start, and how to williams fellowship, write. Psychology Ib Extended Essay? In fact, I usually write essays feeling afraid and not getting the main idea across to the reader. I also often write in williams bolin fellowship subtitles, I think this is my biggest weakness, I cannot find my own writing direction. It seems that I need to first outline an r&b research, outline to write the thesis properly. Yes! Writing your MFA thesis in your second language is ambitious and wonderful! I am happy to help and we will work hard on this together! Lets first discuss the williams bolin fellowship main idea surrounding your thesis work this week! See you soon! The break down you have of the thesis makes it less overwhelming and more straight forward. It creates an organization that allows me to really focus one piece at a time. It also allows me see that I still have some figuring out to do but I am excited and hopeful to figure it all out! Thank you Grace! Simplifying and then continuing to simplify over time has been my greatest asset. Organizing fragments into short lists helps me put a focus of specific points. I build from there and cover letter for call centre customer edit after. Less can pave the way for more in some cases. This guide is still in review and I continue to add and reduce from it. I’m really looking forward to exploring this tutorial practice further. Bolin Dissertation Fellowship? I’m used to psychology, jotting ideas and steps in williams college dissertation different notepads and iPhone notes but pushing myself to sit and focus and write a step by cover centre customer, step practice is extremely helpful. Last night I wrote a tutorial on using acrylic paint after having used oil paint for so long. Breaking down my own process already has me thinking of bolin, new ideas I want to try out. I can already see this will help me explain techniques to victoria, students in the future in a more effective way too so thank you! I take for college bolin dissertation granted some small steps that others might find valuable. I myself love when an artist shares their process sparing no details! Formulating guides as a habit will hopefully help me understand my own goals as an artist and also serve as a reminder if I start working differently. As far as the thesis outline goes, I’m thrilled to thesis on queen, have this template to stir up ideas to brainstorm while working on new projects. Breaking it down makes it far less intimidating, thank you! Laura, excellent! I would love to williams college bolin dissertation fellowship, see the on queen tutorial! And indeed, you should share the tutorial online! Transparency is a great teacher, it helps consider that there is always someone who can learn from our sharing! I have also learned that sometimes all it takes for getting more transparency out of people is by simply asking! I have reached out to williams bolin, quite a few of my favorite artists and online personalities and asked them for a description of their process, most of the ib extended essay time it has worked! “Thrilled” is a great word to apply to Thesis writing! Awesome! Looking forward to your work Laura! I write, a lot! Here you can browse by subject & category! Have a question? Contact me here.

Part One - An introduction to law and morality. Law is not a term that lends itself to easy definition. To discover what men believe law is, we need to williams dissertation look at two distinctive theories. These are legal positivism and natural law. Positivists believe that a law is a legal rule which, if made in victoria, the manner recognised by the legislative power in the state, is valid irrespective of its content – in otherwords that as long an elected parliament debates and makes the law everyone must abide by it. Austin is perhaps best known for developing the command theory of college bolin fellowship law . He argued that a law is a command from a sovereign whom the population at large is in the habit of obeying, and it is reinforced by the availability of a sanction. Put simply, laws are orders backed by threats. A law, therefore, is the expressed wish of the sovereign and as such is distinguishable from illiad and troy, other commands such as those from God or from an employer. The sovereign is the person or body whom others habitually obey, and who is not in williams college bolin dissertation fellowship, the habit of essay giving obedience to anyone else. Austin has been criticised for this rather simplistic view of law, particularly by williams bolin fellowship, Professor H.L.A. Hart , partly because it is difficult to identify a sovereign in many states, but also because many areas of law such as contract, which grant powers to people, do not fit neatly into such a definition. As a legal positivist, he insisted on ib extended essay the separation of law and fellowship morality. However, he developed a much more sophisticated model than Austin’s to explain the nature of law. There are, he argued, two categories of on queen victoria rules, called primary and secondary rules, which, in combination, form the williams bolin, basis of a functioning legal system. Primary rules either impose legal obligations, as in criminal law, or they grant powers, as in the power to make a will in the law of succession, or the power to enter into a contract. Secondary rules are concerned with the operation of primary legal rules. Hart identified three specific secondary rules. Firstly, the rule of recognition sets criteria for collections identifying primary legal rules. Bolin Fellowship! These criteria would include reference, for example, to Acts of Parliament and judicial decisions. Secondly, rules of change identify how legal rules can be formed, amended or repealed. For example, in r&b research paper, the case of an college fellowship, Act of Parliament, reference would be made to the various readings in the House of essay collections Commons and the House of Lords, and to williams college dissertation the need for royal assent. Thirdly, rules of adjudication enable the courts not only to settle disputes, but also to interpret the law. Hart argues that a legal system is established by the union of these two sets of rules. However, two further conditions are required for this system to function. Ib Extended Essay! Firstly, people in general must be in the habit of obeying the primary rules. Secondly, public officials must accept the rules of williams college bolin fellowship recognition, change and adjudication. As a legal positivist, Hart does not accept any necessary connection between law and morality. In other words, the validity of a law is not dependent upon thesis victoria its moral acceptability. Even a morally repugnant law may be legally valid. However, that does not mean we must obey laws that are morally repugnant. Obedience remains a matter of personal decision or conscience. Natural lawyers reject this: they believe that the validity of williams college man-made laws depends upon their compatibility with a higher, moral authority: where laws do not satisfy the requirements of this higher moral authority, then those laws lack validity. There are two main types of natural lawyers, those that believe in laws from a god and essay those that do not believe in god but that society has an unwritten moral code that laws should follow. Thomas Aquinas was a 13th-century Catholic philosopher and theologian, who devoted his life to williams bolin fellowship scholarship, in particular to the study of Aristotle. Letter For Call No Experience! His major work, the Summa Theologica , contains his explanation of four different types of law. One of them, Divine law is college bolin dissertation, concerned with the standards man must conform to in order to attain salvation. These are revealed to mankind by inspiration or revelation, as for example the Ten Commandments contained within the essay, Bible. Divine law removes the need for mankind to be in any doubt about the moral rules he should be following for his own good. Natural law is derived from williams bolin dissertation fellowship, eternal law and deals with general rules of conduct that govern the behaviour of ‘beings possessing reason and free will’, i.e. Metathesis! humans. It is williams college dissertation, implanted in us by metathesis, God as part of our nature, and williams college bolin so we have a natural inclination to behave in a way that fulfils our purpose in life. These include the inclination to preserve life, procreate, and on queen live within society. By reasoning upon natural law, certain general rules of conduct can be developed. The first of college dissertation fellowship these is to ‘do good and avoid evil’. Some others are ‘not to commit suicide’, reflecting the spoonerism, inclination to preserve life; to ‘rear and care for offspring’, reflecting the inclination to procreate; and to ‘develop our rational and moral capacities’. Human law is derived by reason from natural law. It is the result of williams bolin dissertation a process of applying the psychology ib extended essay, principles contained within natural law to particular geographical, historical and social circumstances. Lon Fuller was Professor of Jurisprudence at college, Harvard Law School. Paper! He is known as a natural lawyer in williams fellowship, that he rejected legal positivism: he refused to accept the belief that law has no higher authority than that of a sovereign authority. Fuller views law as serving a purpose. In his case, that purpose is to ‘achieve social order through subjecting people’s conduct to cover letter centre service the guidance of general rules by which they may themselves orient their behaviour’. For laws to be able to williams college dissertation fellowship achieve this purpose, they must satisfy eight particular principles . These principles make up an ‘inner morality of law’ which Fuller describes as a procedural version of natural law. According to these eight principles, laws should be: 1 in existence, not ad hoc. 2 promulgated, i.e. published. 3 prospective, rather than retrospective. 4 clearly stated and comprehensible. 5 consistent with each other. 6 possible for people to obey. 7 constant, i.e. Metathesis Spoonerism! relatively long-lasting and bolin dissertation not constantly changing. 8 applied and administered as stated. Failure to comply with these eight principles doesn’t render an individual law invalid, rather it results in something that cannot be properly called a legal system at all. Professor Hart , while not critical of the eight principles themselves, argued that Fuller was not justified in calling them a morality. He illustrates his objection by reference to the art of poisoning. Like law-making, poisoning is an metathesis, activity with a purpose. The poisoner will develop principles to render his art effective. However, nobody would consider calling these principles the ‘inner morality of williams college poisoning’. Illiad And Troy! In other words, he accuses Fuller of confusing efficacy (how effective is the legislative system?) with morality (is it good or bad?). The word morality derives originally from the Latin word mos (plural: mores). College Dissertation! The standard meaning of victoria this word is a custom, habit or usage that is determined by fellowship, man’s will rather than by law. The Roman statesman and cover for call centre customer no experience orator Cicero once wrote that law and custom (mos) must both be obeyed, illustrating their parity. Custom formed the bedrock of bolin dissertation Roman society in Cicero’s day, with duties and obligations balanced by rights and privileges. Emile Durkheim, a sociologist, would later refer to as a traditional society. In such a society people had much in common. However, by Durkheim’s day, society was becoming more fragmented. First, labour was becoming specialised, with workers developing expertise in illiad and troy, increasingly narrow fields, thereby becoming alienated from each other. Secondly, a common religious and williams bolin dissertation fellowship ethnic background could no longer be taken for granted within society. These factors served to promote an individual consciousness at the expense of the collective consciousness. The speed of illiad and troy change, Durkheim argued, led to confusion in moral outlooks, and to the breakdown of dissertation traditional norms of behaviour. Durkheim used the word ‘anomie’ to describe this result. He believed that society would disintegrate unless a strong collective consciousness, with shared values and beliefs, was maintained. One of the functions of education, therefore, is to essay strengthen the bolin dissertation, common morality and reduce individual consciousness. This can in part be achieved by a pledge of allegiance to the state, an idea recently promoted for all school leavers in Britain. All of these factors are more and more apparent in thesis victoria, pluralist societies today. Part two - The relationship between law and morality. Shared characteristics of legal and moral rules. They are both concerned with setting standards, which are essential for governing the behaviour of individuals within society. For example, in order to avoid unnecessary death and injury, the law requires us to drive on the left. However, it is a long-established custom, part of our morals that drivers slow down to allow ambulances to pass when their emergency lights are flashing. Both rules are concerned with the behaviour of drivers and the saving of williams bolin dissertation fellowship life. Legal and moral rules employ similar language: they distinguish between right and wrong, and they speak of duties, obligations and responsibilities. For example, murder is essay collections, regarded as wicked under both the legal and moral codes of conduct; parents have a legal duty and a moral duty to ensure that their young children are provided with shelter and nourishment. Law and morality often coincide or overlap: for example, the Ten Commandments, given to Moses on Mount Sinai, continue to serve as a moral code for many today. Indeed, these commandments contain a number of prohibitions, which are to be found in the laws of even the most primitive societies. In our age, the college dissertation fellowship, order: ‘Thou shalt not kill’, is reflected in the common law on murder; the command: ‘Thou shalt not steal’, is currently contained within ss1–6 of the Theft Act 1968; and the principle of the psychology essay, virtue of honesty, which lies behind the college bolin, command not to give false witness, can be seen in the development of the law in areas such as fraud (crime), misrepresentation (contract), and defamation (tort). Where Legal rules and morals seem at odds. When legal rules are out of kilter with morality, obedience to them becomes more difficult to defend. It might be argued that strict liability offences are like this. In Smedleys Ltd v Breed (1974), the discovery of a caterpillar in a tin of peas does not seem to breach any moral rule, nor does the selling of a lottery ticket to a 15-year-old boy who had the appearance of someone much older. It is therefore not surprising that the principle of strict liability is controversial: legal rules are given greater validity by their moral content. There are many moral rules which are not enshrined in law. There is no liability in English criminal law for omissions, unless the essay collections, failure falls within one of the recognised exceptions where there is a duty to act, such as a duty to children (R v Gibbons and Proctor (1918)), or a duty through a contract of employment (R v Pittwood (1902)). In other words, there is no requirement in williams fellowship, English law to act as the ‘good Samaritan’. Metathesis Spoonerism! Clearly there is a potent moral argument that we should provide assistance to the man beaten and left to die, or rescue the child drowning in a pool of water, or prevent a blind old person from being hit by a speeding lorry. However, the fact that there is williams college, no legal obligation to assist our neighbour will enable us to escape criminal liability, but it will not lessen the contempt in which we might be held for our failure to do so. Sometimes a defendant will accept the existence of a moral obligation, but argue that this does not imply any legal liability, as occurred in R v Webster (2006). The case concerned a duplicate medal awarded to essay Captain Gill for services in Iraq. Williams College! Captain Gill received a medal early in 2005, but six months later received an unsolicited duplicate medal. R&b Research Paper! He gave the duplicate to his staff support assistant, Webster, who promptly sold it on fellowship eBay for £605. Webster accepted that he had a moral obligation to return the medal to the medals office, but did not accept he was under any legal obligation to do so. However, the illiad and troy, court decided that the medals office retained a proprietary interest in this particular duplicate medal and was therefore entitled to call for its return. The influence of law and morality upon each other. Changing moral values can lead to developments in the law. Rape within marriage: In the History of the fellowship, Pleas of the Crown (published in 1736, although Hale had died 60 years before this date), Sir Matthew Hale had declared that ‘a man cannot rape his wife’. This was based upon the doctrine of implied consent, i.e. that a woman, by entering into marriage, gives indefinite consent to sexual relations with her husband. During the 20th century the illiad and troy, courts succeeded in removing this immunity where there was a legal separation order (R v Clarke (1949)), where a decree nisi had been issued (R v O’Brien (1974)), and where a non-molestation order had been imposed (R v Steele (1977)). In these decisions the courts were eager to college bolin limit the metathesis spoonerism, moral outrage that an acquittal would arouse. This immunity was weakened even further by the trial judge in college bolin dissertation fellowship, R v R (1991), a case involving a recently separated married couple. Owen J declared: ‘I find it hard to believe that it ever was common law that a husband was in effect entitled to ib extended essay beat his wife into submission to sexual intercourse.’ He therefore ruled that the williams college bolin dissertation fellowship, husband, because of the extreme violence he had used, did not enjoy immunity from conviction. Before the case arrived at the House of cover letter customer Lords on appeal, the Law Commission had produced a report recommending that ‘the present marital immunity be abolished in all cases’. The House of dissertation fellowship Lords followed this recommendation. Lord Lane declared that ‘the idea that a wife by marriage consents in advance to her husband having sexual intercourse with her whatever her state of health or however proper her objections is no longer acceptable’. Illiad And Troy! In this way the law eventually caught up with perceived public morality. The Abortion Act 1967 represents an area of statutory reform introduced as a result of public concern over williams bolin dissertation fellowship the existing law. Under s58 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, abortion was punishable by up to life imprisonment, even if performed for ib extended essay good medical reasons. The Infant Life Preservation Act 1929 allowed a limited exemption from this general prohibition in williams college bolin dissertation, cases where the abortion was carried out in good faith for the sole purpose of preserving the life of the mother. Illiad And Troy! In R v Bourne (1939), however, Bourne, an eminent surgeon carried out an abortion on a 14-year-old girl who had become pregnant as a result of a violent gang rape by soldiers. At his trial, Bourne argued that the operation had been necessary to preserve the williams bolin, mental health (but not the life) of the thesis on queen, girl. College! The trial judge proved sympathetic to this argument. Illiad And Troy! The acquittal in this case led to wealthy women finding acquiescent psychiatrists in order to have their abortions, while other women continued to undergo back-street abortions, resulting in many deaths every year and increasing public concern. The Abortion Act in 1967 introduced a wider range of grounds upon which abortions could be carried out, although the decision remained with doctors. Since abortion is an issue that polarises public opinion, the Act did not enjoy universal public support. However, the law had changed in response to changing public concerns. Sometimes the reverse occurs: legislation is introduced ahead of, and in order to promote, a change in the collective consciousness. Anti- discrimination legislation is often placed within this category. For example, the Race Relations Act 1965 was passed in order to counter overt discrimination in public places. Prior to college bolin fellowship this Act, colour prejudice, as it was then called, was widely practised in Britain, with signs such as ‘No Blacks’ seen on the fronts of guest houses, and victoria non-whites turned away from some restaurants and public houses. The 1965 Act, passed in spite of fierce opposition within Parliament, forbade discrimination ‘on the grounds of colour, race, or ethnic or national origin’. However, it applied only to public places, such as hotels and restaurants, and not to places of employment. Williams Dissertation Fellowship! The powers of enforcement were also minimal: a Race Relations Board was empowered to illiad and troy listen to complaints, and to attempt to negotiate with the parties to stop further discrimination. Where the discrimination continued, the matter could only be referred to the Attorney-General who could seek a court injunction. Three years later, in 1968, jurisdiction was extended to cover both housing and employment. Although these two Acts did not eliminate discrimination, they made a robust official statement about the values of williams fellowship British society. It was not until the essay collections, Race Relations Act 1976, however, that significant powers of enforcement were added. This Act established the Commission for Racial Equality to replace the Race Relations Board, and gave it extensive powers. It distinguished between direct and fellowship indirect discrimination: direct occurring where a person is treated less favourably than another in similar relevant circumstances on the grounds of colour, race, nationality, ethnic or national origins. Indirect discrimination, which is much more subtle, occurs when a condition is applied equally to all employees, but one racial group is disadvantaged because it cannot comply as easily as other groups with that condition. These provisions have done much to mitigate harsh, overt racism. On the fortieth anniversary of the passage of the 1965 Act, Trevor Phillips, chairman of the Commission for psychology Racial Equality, stated, ‘The fact that we have strong anti-discrimination laws has led to the near disappearance of commonplace practices which disfigured our society. That doesn’t mean that they don’t ever happen, but today they are the exception rather than the rule.’ Such comments reflect the belief that legislation, particularly when it is robust, can have an impact upon public morality. Changes in williams college bolin dissertation, the law can produce changes in morals. One of the most heavily legislated areas in the last 50 years has been the law on homosexuality. In 1957, the Wolfenden Report (see later for more details of this) recommended that ‘homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private should no longer be a criminal offence’. The committee further recommended that the age of spoonerism consent be fixed at williams bolin dissertation, 21, which at that time was the age of majority in Britain. Ten years were to paper pass before the Sexual Offences Bill was presented to Parliament, time enough for many to reflect on the principles underpinning Wolfenden, and time perhaps for Parliamentarians to muster up the boldness required to dissertation fellowship secure the passage of the Bill in the face of thesis on queen victoria some earnest opposition. The Bill contained the two most significant recommendations of the Wolfenden Committee: first, that homosexuality be decriminalised for private consensual homosexual activity; and secondly, that the college fellowship, age of consent be set at 21. A quarter of a century was to pass before the age of consent was reduced to spoonerism 18 in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, but only six years until it was further reduced to 16 under the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000, thereby equalising the age of consent for heterosexual and homosexual activity. This last reform attracted determined opposition within the House of college dissertation fellowship Lords, and the powers of the Parliament Acts had to be invoked to secure passage of the measure. It is difficult to gauge whether those promoting or those opposing these Acts more accurately reflected public opinion on this issue, but what is evident is that the years since 1957 have seen not only illiad and troy substantial legislative activity, but also a major shift in public attitudes in this area. Now we have the Civil partnership Act 2004 allowing same sex unions to be legally recognised and currently the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, which will allow same sex couple to be legally married. Part Three – Does and should law reflect moral values? Britain is a pluralist society containing a diversity of moral views. Williams! This section explores the questions of whether, and to spoonerism what extent, the law should seek to enforce any particular moral views. This is not merely a subject of academic debate: judges are often forced to consider these questions before determining the fellowship, law. John Stuart Mill – Law should only reflect moral values if a person can harm others. John Stuart Mill, a 19th-century philosopher states that protection is still necessary against suppression by metathesis, the elected majority: limitations on the power of the college dissertation fellowship, government are still needed to prevent the ‘tyranny of the majority’. Nevertheless, Mill accepted that rules governing an individual’s conduct must be imposed. The problem, though, is identifying where society should, and where it should not, be permitted to interfere with individual liberty. Illiad And Troy! Mill developed the ‘harm principle’ as the appropriate test to be used when considering this issue. Where the law should only intervene where individuals positive actions (not omissions) are likely to cause harm to bolin dissertation fellowship others. This is regarded as a liberal approach between law and morality, in otherwords the state should not make any laws against an individual unless it will cause harm (used in a wide sense) to another. Mill answered such objections by making a distinction between the harmful act itself and its particular consequences. For example, society has no right to interfere with drunkenness itself. However, it does have the metathesis, right to interfere where a man, through his drunkenness, is in breach of his duty to his family or his creditors, or if he was a soldier or a policeman on duty. In Mill’s words: ‘Whenever there is definite damage to an individual or to the public, the case is taken out of the province of liberty, and placed in college bolin dissertation fellowship, that of r&b morality or law’. However, where there is williams college bolin, no such breach of duty to society and the damage affects only the individual himself, then ‘the inconvenience is one which society can afford to bear, for the sake of the greater good of human freedom’. In other words, the liberty of the individual is cover, too precious to be sacrificed merely to ease another’s feeling of revulsion or repugnance. The Hart–Devlin debate - Must be in your essay! Devlin – Law should reflect society’s morals. This argument has endured. In the 20th century it blossomed in the debate between an williams bolin dissertation, eminent Law Lord, Patrick Devlin, and the academic H.L.A Hart, a debate sparked by the publication in 1957 of the illiad and troy, Wolfenden report on homosexuality and prostitution. The committee had concluded that the williams college bolin dissertation, law has a role in preserving public order and decency, but ‘it is not, in our view, the function of the law to intervene in the private life of citizens, or to seek to enforce any particular pattern of behaviour’. Furthermore, there ‘must remain a realm of private morality and immorality which is, in brief and crude terms, not the cover centre customer no experience, law’s business’. It therefore recommended the decriminalisation of consensual homosexuality for men over the age of 21. Lord Devlin wrote that a society means a community of ideas: ‘without shared ideas on politics, morals, and ethics, no society can exist’. Society, therefore, is constituted in part by college dissertation, its morality. In language reminiscent of Durkheim, Lord Devlin argued that the fabric of society is thesis on queen, dependent upon a shared or common morality: where the bonds of that morality are loosened by private immoral conduct, the integrity of society will be lost, and society will be liable to disintegrate. Society therefore has the right to defend itself against immorality. Williams Dissertation! Even private wickedness and immorality may be punished because they are harmful to society. Illiad And Troy! In Lord Devlin’s own words, ‘The suppression of vice is as much the law’s business as the suppression of subversive activities.’ However, Lord Devlin recognised that there are limits to bolin dissertation fellowship the right of illiad and troy society to interfere with private immoral conduct: ‘there must be toleration of the maximum individual freedom that is consistent with the integrity of society’. He accepted that personal preferences, or likes and dislikes, should not form the basis for decisions about what immoral conduct should be outlawed. Williams College Dissertation! He therefore developed an apparently objective test , that of the reasonable or ordinary man, to help decide where the boundaries are to be drawn: only where immoral conduct is regarded by this ordinary man with ‘intolerance, indignation or disgust’, should it be prohibited by law. It is illiad and troy, worth noting that Lord Devlin’s morality is based upon convention: in other words, it is williams, based upon what is generally regarded by society at large as being the acceptable and desirable state of affairs. It is therefore a relative rather than absolute morality, as it is not based upon illiad and troy any higher authority regarding good and bad, or right and wrong. Williams Dissertation Fellowship! Conventional morality serves to maintain the status quo within society. Interestingly, it would allow for the continuation of practices that might be regarded as morally repugnant by other societies: for example, it could be used to preserve practices such as polygamy, apartheid and slavery as long as they were not regarded with intolerance, indignation or disgust by the ordinary person within the society that practised it. Extension : Read the following article published by r&b research paper, Harvard Law school in 1966 criticising Devlins view. Then summarise the key aspects of the argument in 500 words . lord-devlin-and-the-enforcement-of-morals.pdf. Hart – Laws should not reflect society’s morals. Professor Hart proposed a more limited role for the law in the enforcement of morality. Whereas Lord Devlin started from the williams college bolin fellowship, general principle that society has a duty to enforce its dominant morality, and then limited the application of this general principle to acts that the ordinary man regards with intolerance, Professor Hart started from psychology ib extended essay, the opposite end of the spectrum, that society should not interfere with private moral or immoral conduct. However, Hart then limited the application of this general principle by sanctioning the enforcement of morality in certain situations. First of all, he accepted that enforcement is permitted when one of society’s dominant moralities is bolin, being eroded by a true threat to the cohesion of society. Such a threat, though, has to illiad and troy be more than merely a challenge to bolin dissertation society’s code of conduct: there must be evidence that it creates a genuine public nuisance. Hart’s discussion of the offence of bigamy illustrates this approach. He wrote that, in a country where deep religious significance is attached to monogamous marriage and to the wedding service, the law against bigamy should be accepted as an attempt to protect religious feelings from offence by centre customer service, a ‘public act desecrating the ceremony’. According to bolin dissertation Hart, the bigamist is spoonerism, punished not for the act of bigamy itself, but for the offence he causes to the feelings of others. Hart applied the same reasoning to williams college dissertation public sexual intercourse between a man and his wife. The act of intercourse, he states, is not in itself immoral, but if it takes place in public, it is an affront to decent people, and, as a nuisance, deserves to be punished under the law. Devlin accused Hart of being inconsistent. He challenged Hart, saying: ‘Bigamy violates neither good manners nor decency. When committed without deception, it harms no one.’ Although Devlin is not necessarily arguing here in centre customer service no experience, favour of legalising bigamy, it is at least ironic that he seems to be adopting a more liberal stance than Hart on this issue. Hart also accepted the williams college dissertation fellowship, legal enforcement of morality in areas other than those creating a public nuisance. On some issues he adopted a paternalistic approach. The taking of drugs and cover letter for call customer service consensual euthanasia are two areas where he believed people need to be protected against williams college bolin dissertation, themselves. This stance seems less liberal than that adopted by Mill. On the specific issue of illiad and troy homosexuality, Hart attacked Devlin for williams bolin fellowship believing that it threatened society with disintegration. He argued that Devlin’s position was tantamount to declaring that any change in morality threatened the disintegration of society. Furthermore, he pointed out. that Lord Devlin’s approach would cause society’s values to stagnate, to become permanently fixed at one point in time. The Hart–Devlin debate reflected through examples. Judges and Parliament are often forced to psychology ib extended essay confront complex moral issues. In Shaw v DPP (1962), which concerned a magazine advertising the services of prostitutes, Shaw was convicted of williams dissertation ‘conspiracy to corrupt public morals’ a previously unknown offence. R&b Research! The House of Lords confirmed the existence of this new common law offence. Williams! Viscount Simonds declared: ‘there remains in cover letter for call, the courts a residual power to enforce the supreme and fundamental purpose of the law, to williams college bolin dissertation fellowship conserve not only the safety and order, but also the illiad and troy, moral welfare of the State’. Lord Devlin would have approved. Also see the college, development of the defence of Duress of Circumstance through the case of Martin and Pommell. Collections! Note that eventhough parliament has recognised a defence of Necessity in criminal law, principally for the emergency services need to break traffic laws (enshrined in williams bolin fellowship, the Road Traffic Acts) and thesis on queen acknowledged by Lord Denning in Buckoke v GLC [1975], judges have repeatedly resisted creating a common law defence of necessity in criminal law, eg Quayle & Others (2005) for possessing cannabis in order to stop the pain from an incurable disease. But see the civil cases of R v A (conjoined twins) 2000 and bolin Re F (1989), the forced sterilisation of a 26-year of illiad and troy female with the mental age of williams 5. In R v Gibson (1990), an essay collections, artist was convicted under the common law offence of outraging public decency for exhibiting earrings made from freeze-dried human foetuses. No doubt Devlin would maintain that this is exactly the type of immoral conduct that would arouse the intolerance, indignation and disgust of the ordinary person, and so should be subjected to the full rigour of the criminal law. Hart might well arrive at the same conclusion, accepting that such an exhibition creates a public nuisance which causes significant offence to others. In the celebrated case of R v Brown and Others (1993), the defendants were convicted under s47 and s20 of the fellowship, Offences against the Person Act 1861 after engaging in violent sado-masochistic activities. Spoonerism! All these activities were conducted in private, with no complaints from the victims and no medical attention ever sought. There were no permanent injuries. Williams Dissertation! The activities came to the attention of the police as a result of a tape recording the men had made of the event. The House of Lords declared that consent is essay collections, not available in cases of such serious injuries, subject to certain exceptions of bolin fellowship which sado-masochistic behaviour was not one. Speaking for the majority, Lord Templeman declared that the issues of policy and public interest must be taken into account before deciding whether the defence of consent should be extended to sado-masochistic activities. Then, in words resonant of Lord Devlin, he expressed his own opinion: ‘Society is entitled and bound to protect itself against a cult of violence. Pleasure derived from the infliction of pain is an evil thing. Letter For Call Centre Customer Service No Experience! Cruelty is dissertation fellowship, uncivilised.’ He dismissed the men’s appeal. Lord Mustill, dissenting, declared, in words reminiscent of Professor Hart, that: ‘the state should interfere with the rights of an individual to live his or her life as he or she may choose no more than is necessary to ensure a proper balance between the special interests of the individual and the general interests of the individuals who together comprise the illiad and troy, populace at large.’ He conceded that many people would find the defendants’ conduct repulsive. Nevertheless, that feeling of repulsion did not, in college dissertation fellowship, his view, justify the research, men’s conviction. The defence of consent was also considered in the case of R v Wilson (1996). At his wife’s request, Alan Wilson branded his initials (‘AW’) on her buttocks. Hearing the appeal against conviction for ABH, Russell LJ explained: ‘Consensual activity between husband and wife, in the privacy of the matrimonial home, is williams college bolin, not, in our judgment, a proper matter for criminal investigation, let alone criminal prosecution.’ It is possible that this result would be welcomed by paper, both Devlin and Hart, the college bolin dissertation, former because the ordinary man might well regard Wilson’s conduct with amusement rather than disgust, the latter because such activity falls within the realm of private morality and does not create a public nuisance. This case illustrates concern for the autonomy of the customer service, individual, a concern also evident in the Court of Appeal judgment in St George’s NHS Healthcare Trust v S (1998). In 1996, a woman who was approximately 36 weeks pregnant was diagnosed with pre-eclampsia and advised that she needed urgent attention, otherwise her life and that of the unborn child would be in danger. Williams College Bolin! When she rejected this advice, she was detained under s2 of the Mental Health Act 1983, and a court order was granted to carry out research paper a caesarean section operation without her consent. The Court of Appeal ruled that an adult of sound mind is entitled to refuse medical treatment, and this entitlement is not reduced because her decision might appear morally repugnant, bizarre or irrational. The right to williams bolin dissertation fellowship refuse medical treatment in this situation is only available where the woman is deemed to be competent. This language is reminiscent of the decision of the House of Lords in Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and the DHSS (1985). Research! The mother of girls under the age of consent had sought a court declaration that their doctors would not be allowed to prescribe contraceptive pills to her daughters without her knowledge. The House of Lords declared that a ‘competent child’, who had sufficient understanding of the issues involved, could decide for herself without her parents being informed. The decisions in both these cases illustrate how the williams bolin fellowship, autonomy of the individual can override other considerations, such as the interests of the unborn child, and parental responsibility. However, such autonomy is not absolute. Diane Pretty suffered from motor-neurone disease, a terminal condition. She wanted her husband to be allowed to help her to psychology essay end her life peacefully and with dignity. In 2001, the House of williams bolin Lords and r&b the European Court of Human Rights rejected her application, ruling that a right to life does not include a right to end life. Her application conflicted with broader issues of public morality. Parliament must also confront issues of public morality. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 introduced regulations for the creation, storage and use of human embryos outside of the bolin dissertation, human body. It also introduced a statutory licensing authority to oversee the operation of the thesis victoria, Act. In 2004, as a result of advances in reproductive medicine and changes in public morality, the government began a review of the 1990 Act, leading to williams the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill 2008. Among its features are: 1 a new concept of parenthood for a mother’s female partner: 2 statutory approval to be given to ‘saviour siblings’, i.e. children born from embryos that have been genetically screened to research paper ensure they share the college bolin dissertation, same tissue type as the sick, live sibling. 3 in relation to children born after surrogacy arrangements, same sex couples and unmarried opposite sex couples to enjoy the same rights to parenthood as married couples now an increase in the type of embryo research that will be permitted, including the spoonerism, use of bolin dissertation hybrid embryos. This Bill has been described in Parliament as ‘a pragmatic fusion between science and spoonerism the social morals of today’. Elements of it are certainly consistent with other recent legislation. In 2004, the Civil Partnership Act allowed partners of the same biological sex to college enter into a civil partnership giving them the same rights and responsibilities as heterosexual married couples. These include property rights, exemptions on essay collections inheritance tax, pension rights, and next-of-kin rights. In 2006, Parliament passed the Equality Act. This forbids schools, businesses and other agencies from discriminating on college dissertation the basis of age, disability, gender, race, religion or sexual orientation. Under the terms of this Act, adoption agencies have to consider applications for adoption from r&b, homosexual couples. The Roman Catholic Church sought an exemption from williams college bolin, this provision, arguing that this went against its teachings. However, the illiad and troy, government refused to yield ground, instead granting religious adoption agencies 21 months to prepare to implement the new rules. Task : Complete the activity on Law and morality and topical issues by completing the attached research activity. The research activity page with links to all relevant issues in the word document. Below are two video clips that may help you understand the issues: Mandatory life Sentence and the European Convention on bolin Human Rights. Anti terrorsm Laws and search and arrest procedures. Task: Write the following essay on Law and Morality using the essay plan at this link. Consider the for call service, view that there is a close relationship between law and morality. Examine the college fellowship, debate as to whether the law should reflect moral values, and discuss issues which show the continuing importance of that debate. (30marks + 5 QWC)